the excursions in the plain in winter, and those among the mountains
in the warmer season. In the height of summer excursions in the plain
should be made with great caution. As far as the gates, and for ½ M.
or more beyond them, the roads are dull and uninteresting from being
flanked by lofty walls. A cab should therefore be taken at least as far
as the gate. Fares, see Appx.; Carriages and Saddle Horses for the Cam-
pagna, see p. 156. — Motor Cars and Cycles, for which the modern roads
in the Campagna are admirably adapted, may be hired at various shops
in Rome (p. 157).
The traveller is particularly cautioned against the risk of taking
cold, owing to the great and sudden change of temperature which gener-
ally takes place about sunset. Lying or sitting on the ground in winter,
when the soil is extremely cold in comparison with the hot sunshine, is
also to be avoided. In crossing the fields care should be taken to avoid
the numerous herds of cattle, especially in spring; and the same remark
sometimes applies to the dogs by which they are watched when the herds-
man is absent. For remarks on public safety, see p. xiii.
The excursions are enumerated according to the order of the gates
from N. to E. and S. (comp. the annexed Map, on a scale of 1 : 75,000).
— The Italian Ordnance Maps are the best, especially those of the
immediate neigbbourbood of Rome, on a scale of 1 : 25,000 (9 sheets; 1894).
For a careful study of the topography of the neigbbourhood Nibby's
"Dintorni di Roma" (3 vols., Rome, 1894) and Tamassetti's Campagna
Romana (3 vols., Rome 1886-1900) are indispensable. Good English works
are those by Burn, Gell, etc., mentioned on p. lxxxi.
a. From the Porta del Popolo.
Tramway to Ponte Molle, M., starting just outside the gate, see
No. 15 on p. 4. of the Appendix. One-horse carr. about 2 fr. — From
Ponte Molle to Acqua Acetosa 1¼ M. — Tramway to Civita Castellana,
see p. 430. — From Ponte Molle to Prima Porta 4½ M. (one-horse carr.
about 10 fr.).
Porta del Popolo (Pl. I, 13), see p. 178. The Villa Borghese,
just outside the gate, with its art-collections is described at p. 218;
the museum in the Villa di Papa Giulio at p. 224.
The road from the Porta del Popolo to the Ponte Molle, the
ancient Via Flaminia, constructed in 200 B.C. by the Censor C.
Flaminius (p. 131), is at first flanked with houses. About ½ M.
from the gate the Vicolo dell' Arco Oscuro diverges to the right
beside the Casino of Julius III., leading to the Villa di Papa
Giulio (p. 224). A little farther on, on the right, is the little church
of. Sant' Andrea, founded by Julius III. in commemoration of his
deliverance from the Germans in 1527, built by Vignola in an ex-
cellent Renaissance style. A broad road, the Viale dei Parioli,
diverges on the same side (right), traversing the unfinished public
park on the Monti Parioli, to the Acqua Acetosa (p. 431). A few
yards to the right of the road is an iron railing enclosing the re-
mains of the 4th cent.Basilica of St. Valentine, excavated in 1888.
Behind it is the entrance to its catacombs.
A little on this side of the bridge, to the right, is a second
Chapel of Sant' Andrea, erected by Pius II. on the spot where 'he
received, in great state, the bead of St. Andrew, brought hither